传统北京烤鸭烤制过程中大气污染物的排放特征

烤鸭是具有北京特色的传统美食之一,制作过程采用果木炭火烤制方式,与其它食物烹饪过程存在明显的差异,国内还未对这类餐饮源的排放特征进行过系统研究,为掌握这类餐饮源排放特征,从而为污染控制提供技术依据,选取北京市具有代表性的烤鸭店,研究了其烤鸭烤制过程中大气污染物的排放特征.结果表明,传统烤鸭烤制过程中排放的油烟、颗粒物、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和醛酮类化合物的基准排放浓度分别为(0.74±0.45)、(15.32±7.93)、(7.60±3.41)和(1.22±0.59)mg·m~(-3);颗粒物排放浓度要远高于油烟排放浓度,VOCs组分构成相对复杂,既包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等VOCs也包括醛酮类、醇类、酯类等含氧VOCs和卤代烃,其中3-甲基呋喃、乙醇和乙酸甲酯的浓度最高;醛酮类化合物的主要组分有乙醛、甲醛和丙烯醛等,其中C1~C3物质占72.27%.     

2015年北京采暖季城市森林内外SO2浓度的时空变化特征

为探讨采暖季城市森林内外ρ(SO₂)动态变化及差异性,基于西山国家森林公园林内空气质量监测站数据,结合北京市环境保护监测中心植物园监测站的实时数据,分析2015年采暖季城市森林内外ρ(SO₂)变化和影响因素.结果表明:林内外ρ(SO₂)日变化基本呈双峰双谷型,在09:00-11:00和20:00-22:00左右达到高峰;采样期间ρ(SO₂)月变化呈不显著"V"型,最高值出现在1月,林内外分别为(25.8±9.2)和(31.7±23.4)μg/m3,最低值出现在11月,林内外分别为(19.0±5.2)和(13.0±11.2)μg/m3.林内ρ(SO₂)在1-3月低于林外,11-12月高于林外,林内ρ(SO₂)变化较林外平缓;气象条件对采暖季城市森林ρ(SO₂)变化有重要影响:降水对ρ(SO₂)消减效应明显,大风有驱散SO₂的作用,同时受风向影响;ρ(SO₂)和温度关系不显著(P=0.05,R < 0.40),但和空气相对湿度线性关系显著(α=0.05,Sig=0.00),林内受气象因素影响低于林外.研究显示,城市森林对气态污染物具有一定的缓冲、抵抗和吸收能力,因此应重视发展城市森林生态系统,充分发挥其生态效益,以提高城市大气环境质量.      

京津冀生态涵养区生态规划思路与实施路径研究

生态规划是在调查分析区域内各生态因子的空间分异和承载力,分析人为活动对该区域的影响以及调控方向,为区域资源开发与环境保护提供决策依据,促进区域内自然系统与人类社会和谐发展.科学制定张承地区的生态规划,是建设京津冀生态涵养区的重要支撑.但是目前张家口市生态规划存在专门研究文献非常少、缺乏对微地形的考虑和分析、政府重视程度不够等多个层面的问题.做好张家口市生态规划,要坚持"生态优先、绿色发展"的原则,必须落脚到京津冀协同发展的大政方针,注重京津冀生态系统的整体性特征;必须要紧密结合张家口市当前面临的建成可再生能源示范区、京张联合举办冬奥会等多个发展节点.     

北京市近郊区土壤砷累积特征

城市近郊区土地利用类型多元化,同时也承载着巨大环境压力,研究近郊区土壤污染特征对城市规划及发展有着重要意义.通过3 km×3 km网格布点,系统采样调查了北京市近郊区5～6环路之间167个样点的0～20 cm表层土壤样品中砷的含量,分析了城市近郊区土壤砷的累积特征.结果表明,北京市近郊区土壤砷含量为2.89～11.38 mg.kg-1,平均值为7.11mg.kg-1.平均值在90年代末的背景值调查数据的范围之内,但是各个分位数级别的值均小于80年代初的北京市土壤背景值调查数据.因子分析结果发现北京市近郊区土壤砷与来源于成土母质的Co、Mn和Ni元素一组.克里格插值得到的北京市近郊区土壤砷含量空间分布图表明,西北与东部及东南部分土壤砷含量较东北和西南部高,砷含量最高25%的土壤样点与点源污染有关,而砷含量最低25%的样点大多远离污染源.不同土地利用类型土壤砷的比较结果表明人类活动在一定程度上影响土壤中砷的累积,生活区与农田土壤砷含量相似且显著大于绿地和荒地.污染源对生活区和绿地与荒地土壤中砷的累积有显著影响,工厂区附近的土壤砷含量显著比远离工厂区和交通区的土壤高.因此,北京市近郊区土壤砷在整体空间分布上主要与成土母质有关,然而人类活动在一定程度上也显著增加了土壤砷的累积.     

北京不同污染事件期间气溶胶光学特性

利用2005~2011年的AERONET观测数据,对北京不同污染事件期间(秸秆焚烧、烟花燃放以及沙尘天气)气溶胶光学特性进行了分析.气溶胶光学厚度受污染有显著上升,沙尘、秸秆、烟花气溶胶的AOD440 nm分别是干净背景的4.91、4.07、2.65倍.AOD与ngstrm波长指数的匹配能够较好地识别污染类型,沙尘对应高AOD和低α,烟花气溶胶α(1.09)稍低于秸秆(1.21)以及背景(1.27),表明烟花气溶胶的粗粒子更占优,秸秆对应更高的AOD则与其中黑碳颗粒较强的消光能力有关.单次散射反照率对波长敏感性不高,沙尘气溶胶的ω值(0.934)高于背景值(0.878)、秸秆气溶胶(0.921)以及烟花气溶胶(0.905),秸秆气溶胶受烟羽老化、吸湿性增长等影响表现出偏大现象.气溶胶粒子谱分布在背景与污染期间均为双峰模态,细模态和粗模态的峰值浓度半径分别为0.1~0.2μm以及2.24~3.85μm,粗细粒子浓度比值由小到大依次为背景(1.04)、秸秆焚烧(1.10)、烟花燃放(1.91)以及沙尘气溶胶(4.96).     

基于能源-环境情景模拟的北京市大气污染对居民健康风险评价研究

保护居民健康是北京市能源系统优化管理和大气污染治理的重要目标.本研究基于北京市的社会经济发展目标并结合相关节能减排和环保要求,针对全市2010-2020年间的能源消费分别设计了高、中、低3种约束情景,通过LEAP模型预测了全市至2020年的能源消费量与S02、NOx、PM10和PM2.5等4种主要大气污染物的排放强度,并采用泊松回归模型对3种情景下主城区居民受环境空气中这4种大气污染物的暴露危害所导致的健康风险进行了评估.结果显示:相对低约束情景,高约束情景至2020年可避免与S02、NOx、PM10和PM2.5污染相关的死亡危害分别为2663、6359、4720和4104人·a-1,而且在高约束情景下煤炭消费比重每下降1％,可相应地避免约1400人·a-1的污染急性死亡.由此建议北京市实施更加严格的节能和减排措施,严控煤炭消费总量,进一步优化能源结构,最大程度地降低能源消费导致的大气污染所产生的居民健康风险.     

北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物健康风险评价

采用低温固体吸附采样,热脱附-气相色谱-质谱方法对北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了观测分析,并利用国际公认的健康风险评价四步法评价模型,对北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,芳香族类的非致癌风险值在10-4～10-1数量级,卤代烃的非致癌风险值在10-4～10-5数量级,挥发性有机污染物的非致癌风险系数〈1,不会对暴露人群健康造成明显的非致癌危害.但苯的致癌指数较高（2.21×10-5）,超过了USEPA的建议值（1×10-6）,可能对人体健康造成潜在危害.在一年四季的健康风险中,冬季VOCs的健康风险最高,秋季次之,夏季最低.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.